The tape adhered to the smooth phosphonylated films better than it did to the powdery control films. Most likely, differences in surface roughness affected adhesion of the tape to the films. Approximate t tests for independent samples with unequal variances were performed for data collected for each conductive polymer control and phosphonylated film groups to ensure they were statistically different.
Similarly, the force required to remove the tape from the polypyrrole comparative and polypyrrole bonded phosphonylated films was found to be statistically different for a level of significance in the range 0.
Two rectangular samples 1. Empty polystyrene tissue culture plates were used as negative controls; tissue culture plates containing one penny each were used as positive controls. At 24 hours, cell growth along the perimeter of the films was examined using a Nikon model TMS-F microscope. Photographs were taken with a 35 mm Nikon camera to chronicle the cellular response.
At 48 hours trypan blue, a vital stain, was added to each plate. Trypan blue is excluded from healthy, viable cells, but is taken into cells in which the cellular membrane is compromised. The cell plates were then observed under the microscope; the presence or absence of trypan blue in the cells was duly noted. On positive control plates, a zone of inhibition of about 5 mm about the edge of the penny was observed. Outside this zone, the cells were "balled up" and absorbed trypan blue, indicating that their membranes were compromised.
On the negative control polystyrene tissue culture plates, about half of the cells were spread out and only a few cells took in trypan blue. The cells on these plates appeared viable and healthy. Validation of these controls lends credibility to the following results.
In both cases, cells grew next to and even beneath the material samples. The cells spread out and appeared healthy. Few cells on these plates took in trypan blue. Cells exposed to the polyaniline control film of Comparative Example 5 indicated a negative response.
In some areas about the material's perimeter, a two cell width zone of inhibition was present. Balled up cells were present in this zone.
Outside this zone, cells appeared healthy and did not take in trypan blue. The cellular reaction near the material may be due to the discontinuous morphology of this film type. Small masses of the loosely adhered conductive polymer could easily leach from the film and affect the cells.
Cells exposed to the polyaniline bonded phosphonylated film of Example 4 responded favorably. These cells grew next to and even beneath the film. They spread out on the plate surface and did not take in trypan blue. Because the polyaniline was bound to the phosphonylated film, it did not leach from the surface and, therefore, was not available to the cells.
Cells exposed to the polypyrrole control films of Comparative Example 9 grew near the material. However, many cells in this region were not spread out and some absorbed trypan blue. Also, the cell density near the material was lower than the density throughout the plate. This could be due to the fact that the conductive polymer could leach from the film and affect the cells. Cells exposed to polypyrrole bonded phosphonylated films of Example 6 grew near the perimeter of the films but remained balled up.
Outside of this small zone, the cells spread out and appeared healthy. None of the cells on these plates took in trypan blue. Five samples were cut from a polypropylene yarn composed of 40 fibers having an average diameter of 35 microns each.
The samples were suspended in a two liter reaction vessel which contained 1. The vessel was evacuated, filled with oxygen, and equilibrated to atmospheric pressure. The samples were then removed from the vessel and sonicated in deionized water for thirty minutes. Polypyrrole was deposited on the yarns, using an in-situ polymerization technique.
Each yarn sample was submerged in an aqueous solution of 0. The samples were soaked in this solution for two hours at room temperature. After the yarns were dried, the resistance of each sample was measured using a Fluke A multimeter. The probe tips of the multimeter were placed two cm apart along the length of the yarn. In Table V below, the phosphonylated samples of the present Example are labelled The samples of the present Example retained the conductive layer after sonication.
The resistance of each yarn sample was measured again and recorded as R 2 , below. Five samples were cut from a polypropylene yarn composed of 40 fibers having an average diameter of 35 microns. The samples were sonicated in deionized water for thirty minutes and rinsed twice in fresh deionized water. In Table V, below, the non-phosphonylated samples of the present Comparative Example are labelled These first measurements were recorded in Table V as R 1.
After sonication the fibers of the present Comparative Example lost all of the polypyrrole from their surfaces. The resistance of each yarn sample was measured again and recorded as R 2. Resistivity measurements for the yarns of Example 18 and Comparative Example 19 are set forth in Table V, below. All measurements are in kilo-Ohms. A polyethylene film phosphonylated in accordance with the method of Example 3 was deposited with a layer of gold by a vacuum evaporation process. The prepared sample was suspended in a vacuum chamber.
The chamber contained two filaments, one of gold, the other of tungsten electroplated with chromium. An electrical current was applied to the tungsten filament, heating the chromium. The heat sublimed the chromium, which was then deposited onto the sample. The current was turned off to the tungsten filament and electrical current was supplied to the gold filament. The filament was heated until it melted and gold was evaporated onto the sample.
The process was conducted without breaking the vacuum to insure that an oxide layer did not form between the chromium and the gold layers. The gold was deposited in stripes on the film spaced at a distance of about 1 cm. The conductive surface displayed an average resistance of Ohms. The gold layer could not be removed by sonication or after placement and removal of an adhesive tape on the surface.
When repeated with non-phosphonylated films, the gold was partially removed by sonication and almost completely removed by the adhesive tape. The foregoing description of preferred embodiments of the invention has been presented for purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed, and modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teachings or may be acquired from practice of the invention.
The embodiments were chosen and described in order to explain the principles of the invention and its practical application to enable one skilled in the art to utilize the invention in various embodiments and with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated. It is intended that the scope of the invention be defined by the claims appended hereto, and their equivalents. What is claimed is: 1. A method for imparting electrical conductivity to an article comprising the steps of: pretreating the surface of the article to produce a surface having acid-forming functional groups thereon, each of said functional groups having a multivalent central atom, said acid-forming functional groups selected from the group consisting of phosphonyl groups and sulfonyl groups; and.
The method set forth in claim 1 wherein the multivalent central atoms of said functional groups oxidize the oxidatively polymerizable compound to a polymer. The method set forth in claim 1 wherein the acid-forming functional groups comprise a doping agent which imparts electrical conductivity to said polymer when fully formed.
The method set forth in claim 3 wherein said acid-forming groups generate protons and said protons comprise a doping agent. The method set forth in claim 3 wherein the acid-forming functional groups comprise counter ions and the counter ions comprise a doping agent.
The method of claim 1 wherein said article comprises an organic polymer. The method set forth in claim 1 wherein the step of pretreating the surface of the article comprises: contacting the surface of the article with a solution of a solvent and a halide of a multivalent atom, said solvent being chosen from the group consisting of solvents in which the organic article is insoluble and in which the halide is soluble but nonreactive therewith; and. The method set forth in claim 1 wherein the step of pretreating the surface of the article comprises contacting the surface of the article with oxygen and phosphorus trichloride vapors.
The method set forth in claim 8 wherein the multivalent atom is phosphorus. The method set forth in claim 1 wherein said oxidatively polymerizable compound is pyrrole which is present in said solution in an amount from about 0.
The method set forth in claim 1 wherein said oxidatively polymerizable compound is aniline which is present in said solution in an amount from about 0. The method set forth in claim 10 wherein said pyrrole compound is a monomer selected from the group consisting of pyrrole, a 3- and 3,4-alkyl or aryl substituted pyrrole, N-alkyl pyrrole and N-aryl pyrrole.
The method set forth in claim 10 wherein said pyrrole compound is a monomer selected from the group consisting of pyrrole, N-methylpyrrole or a mixture of pyrrole and N-methylpyrrole.
The method set forth in claim 11 wherein said aniline compound is a chloro-, bromo-, alkyl- or aryl-substituted aniline. A method for imparting electrical conductivity to an article comprising the steps of: pretreating the surface of the article to produce a pretreated surface having acid-forming functional groups thereon, each of said functional groups having a multivalent central atom, said acid-forming functional groups selected from the group consisting of phosphonyl groups and sulfonyl groups; and.
The method set forth in claim 15 wherein the electrically conductive material deposited onto the pretreated surface is a metal. The method set forth in claim 16 wherein the metal is gold. The method set forth in claim 15 wherein the electrically conductive material deposited onto the pretreated surface is an organic polymer. The electrically conductive article produced by the method comprising: pretreating the surface of a polymeric substrate to produce a pretreated surface having acid-forming functional groups thereon, each of said functional groups having a multivalent central atom, said acid-forming functional groups selected from the group consisting of phosphonyl groups and sulfonyl groups; and.
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